初識SUN,是在13年前2001年的時候,那時tsmc正忙著整合分散於各部門的相關訂單及製造系統,並全面導入ESCM專案(Enterprise Supply Chain Management);在那段期間,一排排藍底印著白字SUN標誌、看來厚實又帶著優雅造型的機櫃陸續進駐機房,在黑暗中閃爍著冰冷藍色、偶爾會傳來著幾聲不太明顯的低沈嘶吼;昇陽的技術人員來來去去,男的專業,女的幹練,我看著他們將筆電接上,透過筆電螢幕敲打著神秘的指令(老天,這些伺服器連顯卡也沒有),後來也有幾人長駐下來,直到最後專案結束;那時的我,還活在微軟的世界裏,看到這些陌生的事物就像是外星來的移民一樣,懷著崇拜又敬畏的心情,才知道SUN的主機正主宰著UNIX工作站領域,Solaris成了UNIX操作介面的標準,也是IT管理人員必備的專業認證之一。
14年後呢?四月二十一日是Oracle併購Sun滿四週年的日子,當初Sun創始人Scott McNealy 曾拿這句話諷刺夙敵微軟:「世界上只有兩種行業會稱自己的客戶為”使用者”,一個是毒品販子,一個是軟體。」,個性夙來偏激固執的他,把賣軟體與賣毒品相提並論,他的意思是指人們需要不斷地購買並升級微軟軟體的版本,這會讓人們漸漸地陷入誘惑 而不能自拔,但諷刺的是,SUN最終還是被軟體公司所併購,而且是另一家繼Microsoft之後,全球收入第二多的軟體公司。
由於一開始就以硬體及技術起家,因此Sun非常執著於研發的投入,即使在景氣不好的時候,Sun依然擲下18億美元的研發經費,超過公司13%的銷售額,這個比例遠高出IBM的6%及HP的3%、Dell的2% ;但對於如何推銷及利用,Sun一直就像個門外漢,雖然曾經滿手王牌,擁有很多直至目前仍影響深遠的產品,最終卻只是惠及他人,而無法轉換成利潤。
從台積電、宏陽到創新,或是分佈在全球其它不同行業的企業,都還擁有為數不少的昇陽機器,它們維持著一貫Sun低調厚實的藍色風格,持續安靜沈穩地座落在機房一角,或許隨著時光消逝,Sun的標誌會逐漸斑駁而被淡忘,然而Java、NIS、NFS、Vi、Grid Engine、OpenOffice、mySQL等曾經代表著Sun的創新及技術,卻將持續應用在每項IT技術領域,綻放著它們的光采。
下面我以一些歷史性的圖片,綜合網路上搜集到的資料,記念並回顧這家曾經興盛一時、但以坎坷作終的昇陽一生。
SUN的代表人物
1982 – SUN的誔生
SUN,名稱的由來是Stanford University Network三個字母首字縮寫,由當初還是史丹福大學電腦工程博士生的Andy Bechtolsheim(右邊第二人)和Vinod Khosla(最左邊,史丹福MBA)所創立,Khosla稍後再找來了同為史丹福大學MBA的同伴Scott McNealy(最右側)於1982年二月成立昇陽,推出了第一台工作站SUN-I。
但由於SUN-I所搭配的UNIX在使用上並不是很順暢,造成效能的瓶頸,因此他們後來找來Sun的第四位創始員工,一位曾經參與開發Unix BSD的加州伯克來博士生Bill Joy(左側第二位),他對UNIX非常在行,在他的調教下,第二代的SUN-II迅速推出,而且廣受歡迎。
SUN-I 第一代工作站
SUN第一位CEO: Khosla
SUN第一位CEO是由Khosla 擔任,他是印度人,當年Stanford MBA畢業後曾經參與了一家新公司的創建,他負責CAD相關工作;由於CAD需要效能優越的工作站,因此他嗅到了此類的商機並打算以此創業,他回到母校Stanford尋找可以協助他的幫手,結果與一位電腦硬體高手Andy Bechtolsheim聯繫上了,兩人一拍即合,共同成立了SUN。
但1984年即兩年後,Khosla就退出一手創立的Sun管理層交給McNealy,他當年才30歲,理由是覺得已經完成創立世界一流公司的大業,完全可以選擇退休,做自己想做的事情。後來也的確如他所願,1995年,Khosla和幾個合作夥伴攜手支持創立網景,16個月後該公司上市,股價迅速上揚,大大刺激了後來被稱為"互聯網泡沫"的上市狂潮。此後,Khosla亦曾投資網站Excite、@Home、Amazon等公司。投資的公司都在短期內贏得響噹噹的名聲,股價連續翻番,帶來巨大回報。
SUN的第二位創始員工: Andy Bechtolsheim
Andy Bechtolsheim是德國人,當時還是Stanford博士生,正負責Stanford校園的網路管理工作,他與Khosla一談即合,很快的便提出一份六頁的創業計劃,從創投業者獲得了28.4萬美元的創業資金,便開始了籌備Sun的創業事宜。
左圖為Andy Bechtolsheim的近照,他後來將事業重心轉向創業投資,慧眼視英雄的眼光無人能敵,業界流傳最廣的故事是,在1998年時,他曾寫下一張 $10 萬美元的支票,開給當時尚未登記公司的Larry與Sergey,隔月,他們兩人便以Google的名稱創立公司並開立銀行帳戶,兌現 Andy Bechtolsheim 所寫下的支票。
Sun在位最久的CEO: Scott McNealy
自1984年起,Scott McNealy就開始擔任Sun公司董事長和CEO之職,是Sun在位最久的CEO,這段長達二十年的歲月裏,他將公司帶上了歷史的巔峰,亦讓公司墜入痛苦的深淵,他的評價兩極,但對於他的個性見解倒是一致的:執著、固執、堅持理想、義無反顧,他曾經有句名言:「人云亦云並不是大智慧」,輿論與媒體皆認為從這句話開始,他逐漸變成一個無法被說服的人,並為此付出代價。
離開Sun之後,Scott McNealy於2012年創辦了Wayin,一家專精於社交網路的行銷公司。
Sun的首席科學家: Bill Joy
1982年,Bill Joy加入了Sun成為第四位聯合創始人,並且一直擔任首席科學家直到2003年,在Sun期間,他協助設計了Sparc微處理器,並將之前自己領導開發的BSD繼續發展成為Solaris作業系統。另外,他引人注目的貢獻還包括TCP/IP、vi、NFS和C shell,如今這些軟體都已經廣泛的使用在Solaris、BSD、GNU/Linux等作業系統中,而且開放原始程式碼給其他人無償使用、改進,為自由軟體的發展作出了極大的貢獻。
2003年,Bill Joy退出了自己工作了20多年的Sun,其實在此之前,Sun已經在走下坡了,他的離開更對於Sun更是一個沉重的打擊。
SUN的歷史回顧
1983年 The network is the computer
Sun的著名口號「網路就是電腦」其實並不是McNealy創造的,它是1984年由Sun的第五位員工John Gage提出,一直到今天的Internet時代,這句話依然影響深遠。當初主要的想法,是透過網路讓所有的主機連結到伺服器,這些主機指的是沒有硬碟的電腦,也就是低價桌上型電腦,屬於一種thin-client。
1986年納斯達克掛牌上市
Sun公司在納斯達克掛牌上市,當時的股票代號是SUNW,即太陽工作站的縮寫。
1989年籌組"SPARC聯盟"
橫掃工作站領域的Sun,開始計畫涉足個人電腦,為了打破Intel對微處理器市場壟斷的格局,Sun公司效仿Intel當年成功的經驗,以全新的SPARC晶片為招牌、UNIX操作系統為後盾,聯手多家著名的半導體公司如日本的東芝公司、富士通公司以及美國德州儀器公司等共同籌組了"SPARC聯盟",力圖搶占英特爾公司的微處理器市場。
但最終,此開放性的聯盟架構終以解體告終,原因之一是因為SPARC晶片雖然開放,但與硬體搭配的Solaris操作系統卻未開放,造成整體的競爭力不足。
1995年Java正式對外發佈
Sun公司的Java正式對外發佈,CEO Scott McNealy四處奔走,簽署了一個又一個Java授權合同,網景、Oracle和IBM等公司都表態支持Java。Sun希望靠著免費授權的Java,夠帶動硬體的需求及營收。
的確,Java為Sun帶來了榮耀,也帶動了Sun的伺服器和作業系統的銷售,但SUN仍抱持著利用軟體來賣硬體的觀念,未能創建有利可圖的Java工具與中介軟體業務,結果反而是Java帶給IBM、HP、微軟等廠商的利益更大。
1997年Sun控告微軟
(由左至右: Bill Gates, Scott McNealy, 網景總裁Jim Barksdale)
微軟的口號是:「讓每個桌面都運行我們的軟件」,而Sun則堅信「網路就是計算機」的理念,致力於生產和開發價格低廉的網路電腦和網路相關技術,讓用戶最終擺脫微軟作業系統的束縛。
為了削弱Java在跨平臺技術的影響力,微軟設計出只能在Windows作業系統下運行的Java版本,造成Sun對微軟閹割Java技術的行為不滿,因為Java本質上即是作為一種可相容各種操作系統的跨平台技術。為此,Sun於 1997年10月將微軟告上法庭,並要求微軟支付3500萬美元違約賠償金,兩家公司各不相讓,官司久拖不決。直到三年後2000年1月23日,微軟同意支付 2000萬美元,以便能在現有的產品中繼續使用Java,此長達3年的官司終於在庭外實現了和解。
1999年我們是.com前面的那一點
Sun攫取了.com泡沫帶來的巨大利潤,其市值一度膨脹為2000億美元;但這是商業史上的一個不正常的燒錢時期,.com公司不按商業規律的瘋狂燒錢,大量的.com公司無暇考慮性價比,從Sun那裡購買大批的伺服器建構一幅幅未來的願景,造成Sun的市值一度攀升到2000億美元的最高峰,股價高達每股247美元。
Scott McNealy領導下的Sun則對此很陶醉,志滿意得的Scott McNealy稱:「我們是.com前面的那一點」,而未注意到這種現象只是曇花一現。
企業需要長遠的規劃,時運好的時候賺錢容易,但在時運不好的時候仍然能夠熬過難關,才是基業長青公司的生存秘訣。
2001年堅持研發之路
2001年網路泡沫破滅,許多科技大廠紛紛裁員,大砍研發預算,轉型低成本產品,以Sun來說,在網路泡沫化後的短短三年內,Sun的銷售大幅下滑48%,佔有率也掉了1∕3。
但Scott McNealy還是拒絕跟進其它公司的縮衣節食措施;Sun是矽谷大公司裡,最後一個開始裁員的,在2001年3月思科大砍18%員工之後的半年,Sun才第一次開始裁員3900人,不到當時人數 的10%,而當對手HP、IBM相繼大砍研發預算,Dell也只花利潤的2%做研發時,Scott McNealy卻堅持一定要17%。
2002年推出低價伺服器
儘管似乎有些為時過晚,Sun還是推出了自己的低價伺服器,這是一種基於Intel晶片但使用Sun自己Solaris作業系統的設備。
推出這種低價伺服器是冒著很大風險,它侵蝕了長久以來Sun公司建立起的品牌形象,原本為銷售高端伺服器所建立起來的商業模式因此變得混亂,而且這種低價伺服器需要更大的銷量來確保利潤,而這正是Sun所不擅長的;另外由於和微軟之間長期的爭鬥,儘管採納了Intel晶片,但Sun並不打算推出採用Windows作業系統的伺服器,還是堅持使用自己的專有作業系統Solaris。
跨入低價伺服器領域,雖然延長了Sun存活的時間,但終究還是抵擋不住Linux更為低價興開放的架構,讓後來Scott McNealy自己也懊悔的說,「如果我們當初早點讓Solaris裝進Intel盒子裡,跑在x86的平臺上,就不會有今天的Linux。」
2004年與微軟和解
(圖左側為Scott McNealy,右側為當時的微軟CEO Steve Ballmer)
微軟在擊垮了網景的流覽器之後,成功地進入了互聯網時代,其主要對手已轉換為Google、Oracle,它已不太把Sun放在心上了。微軟想了斷這場恩怨,因此在2004年4月,微軟向Sun支付19.5億美元,解決Sun對微軟違反Java語言授權合約的指控。
由於與微軟的鬥爭,讓Scott McNealy長期以來,一直保持著對微軟的「敵意」,但這次Sun董事會卻計畫與微軟、IBM、英特爾和解,這使得Scott McNealy很痛苦,讓他萌生了離職的念頭。
2005年Niagara伺服器上市
當前幾年Intel和AMD在多核、低功耗上爭得塵囂甚上時,人們誤以為這些先進的處理器理念就來自於它們,但大家都錯了;早在1995年(19年前),那時產業界還執著於提升單個處理器運算速度,Sun的技術天才Marc Tremblay就已經前瞻地發現,這一技術策略有個致命缺陷:處理器運算越快、散熱越大,當達到一定極限時,處理器將因為無法解決散熱問題而停滯在某個速度上,因此,他提出多核理念,讓每個核心的運算頻率降低,讓多核同時工作,亦可使得運算效率提升,但解決散熱的問題,與此同時,他還另外提出一個讓單核運行多個應用,以提高處理器的運算能力的概念(類似Intel後來的multi-thread技術),這樣,就可以研發出低功耗的高效能處理器,這些理念比英特爾和AMD都要早。
當年,Sun雖決定投入此技術的開發,但遲至2005年才有名為Niagara的伺服器產品推出,這段長達10年的漫長研發週期已經讓Sun失去了主宰市場的機會,為什麼要這麼久?因為,在這10年的前6年中(1995-2001),Sun一直沉迷於網路泡沫帶來的蜜罐中,如果Niagara能夠早5年上市(英特爾一個新產品從研發到上市的週期),伺服器市場的格局將不會是現在這樣。
2006年Jonathan Schwartz接任CEO
2006年Scott McNealy終於交棒給他欽點的41歲接班人史瓦茲(Jonathan Schwartz),結束了長達20對Sun的掌控;這位喜歡綁著馬尾的執行長,在交棒的前兩年被任命為總裁兼營運長,曾經讓許多人跌破眼鏡。
《BusinessWeek》形容當時才38歲的Jonathan Schwartz心思敏銳,但是缺乏經驗;高傲、與人有距離感,也讓當時內部有些反彈。
Jonathan Schwartz上台後,在砍預算及裁員方面並不手軟,上任一年內,將原本8.64億的虧損,一度轉為4.73億盈餘。
美國《BusinessWeek》形容,「如果Jonathan Schwartz成功,將是矽谷網路泡沫以來,最戲劇化的敗部復活。」只可惜這件事並沒有發生。 原因是史瓦茲剛接手的昇陽,營運狀況並不理想,而他採行的軟體開源化策略,最後也未能及時帶領公司轉型成功。
後來Jonathan Schwartz和提攜他的Scott McNealy為了Sun最終該情歸IBM還是Oracle而開始意見不合,最後,2012年4月,在一場Oracle指控Google Android使用Java API的一場聽證會上,Jonathan Schwartz和Scott McNealy兩人公開決裂,Scott McNealy力挺他的好友Larry Ellison對於Google的指控,Google濫用的Java API並不屬於免授權的開源碼範疇之一,而Jonathan Schwartz則在會中告訴主審官及12位陪審團,他認為Google使用的Java API屬於開源碼,不需要取得授權。
2007年Nasdaq代號改成JAVA
2007年,被形容已病入膏肓的Sun決定將那斯達克(NASDAQ)的代號由SUNW改成JAVA,企圖改造昇陽的品牌。
Java是昇陽的重要資產,全球擁有上億個用戶,多年來,昇陽持續投資了數百億研發Java,但卻無法為公司賺錢。根據統計,直到2009年,Java其所占公司的利潤,只有2%,因為Java的利潤主要來自授權金,Sun所研發這種程式語言,可以在任何硬體環境執行,但卻不一定需要使用昇陽本身的機器。
2008年購買MySQL資料庫
當時日子已不太好過的Sun,仍花了10億美元購買MySQL這個開源資料庫廠商。
Sun對開源有兩個設想:首先,軟體開源後可以吸引更多的客戶使用,從而有可能讓更多的客戶選擇購買Sun的硬體產品;其次,將開源軟體交與社區,讓全球無數愛好 者加入到軟體的開發上去,這樣可降低軟體發展成本。
2009年IBM還是Oracle?
最早有意收購Sun的是IBM,但在與IBM進行了將近兩個月的拉鋸戰式談判後,Sun拒絕了收購要約。
新CEO Jonathan Schwartz出身自軟體業,並不屬於硬體文化,但他2004年他接手的Sun是一個十足的爛攤子。引介他進來的Scott McNealy一直被他尊奉為IT教父,謙和的Jonathan Schwartz很少與之衝突,雖然直至他收官之時,忍不住還是與Scott McNealy發生了意見不和。
Jonathan Schwartz懂得,IBM相對於Oracle是更好的Java的接受和發揚者,主張將公司賣給IBM,但是長期以來一直與IBM爭鬥、對IBM一向抱有成見的Scott McNealy卻更願意賣給私人朋友Larry Ellison,此時,占上風的決策選擇是「唯親」而非「唯賢」。
2009/4/21 Oracle收購Sun。
在外界一片意外聲中,全球大型商業軟體商Oracle終於如願的跨入硬體事業,於2009/4/21宣佈以74億美元買下在矽谷的鄰居Sun。
左側為Scott McNealy,右側為Oracle CEO Larry Ellison
目前
Sun總部的核心部位鐘樓(Clock Tower),旗桿上飄揚的是美國國旗和加州州旗。
當年佔地廣大的辦公室已由Facebook在2011買下,成為Facebook總部;過去每位昇陽工程師都有自己的專屬辦公室,不可一世,如今變成當下最流行的「開放空間」,一覽無遺的工作環境便於工程師們溝通討論。
就在Sun即將被正式併購的前一天,2010年1月26日,Scott McNealy發了一封標題為"Thanks for a great 28 years"的 final goodbye memo給全公司員工,作為Sun任職最久的CEO(長達20年),他的心情想必是非常的複雜,文中除了感謝員工,也為併入Oracle辯解 "While it was never the primary vision to be acquired by Oracle, it was always an interesting option,",McNealy也為自已作了解脫 "To be honest, this is not a note this founder wants to write,"他在Memo中提到 "Sun in my mind should have been the great and surviving consolidator. But I love the market economy and capitalism more than I love my company."
以下是memo全文,也作為本文的結尾:
Subject: Thanks for a great 28 years
Date: Tue, 26 Jan 2010
From: Scott McNealy
To: [all Sun employees]
Gang,
When I interviewed many of you for employment at Sun over the years, one commitment often made was that things will change above, below, and around you faster than any place you have ever been. Looks like this was one area we exceeded plan for 28 years. While it was never the primary vision to be acquired by Oracle, it was always an interesting option. And this huge event is upon us now. Let's all embrace it with all of the enthusiasm and class and talent that we have to offer.
This combination has the potential to put Sun, its people, and its technology at the center of yet another industry and game-changing inflection point. The opportunity is well-documented and articulated by Larry and the Oracle folks. Not much I can add on this score. This is a very powerful merger. And way better than some of the alternatives we were facing.
So what do I say to all of you, now this is happening?
It turns out that one simple message to the large and diverse Sun community is actually quite hard to craft. Even for a big mouth who is always ready with a clever quip. The community includes our resellers and customers, our current and former employees, their friends and families who supported our employees on their mission to change the industry, our investors, our supply and service partners, students and educators, and even our competitors with whom we often collaborated.
But let me try. Though nothing I could write comes close to matching the unbelievably strong and positive emotions I have for you all. See, I never was able to master dispassion. I truly loved starting, running, and living Sun. And the last four years have not been without serious withdrawal. And the EU approval rocked me more than it should have.
So, to be honest, this is not a note this founder wants to write. Sun, in my mind, should have been the great and surviving consolidator. But I love the market economy and capitalism more than I love my company.
And I sure "hope" America regains its love affair with capitalism. And except for the auto industry, financial industry, health care, and some other places (I digress), the invisible hand is doing its thing quite efficiently. So I am more than willing to accept this outcome.
And my hat is off to one of the greatest capitalists I have ever met, Larry Ellison. He will do well with the assets that Sun brings to Oracle.
What we did right and wrong at Sun over the years might make for interesting reading. However, I am not a book writer. I am a husband, father of four, and a builder and leader of people who want to make a difference.
But spare me a bit of nostalgia. Not of the mistakes we made, and lord knows I made a ton. But of the things we did right and well.
First and foremost, Sun innovated like crazy. We took it to the limit (see Eagles). And though we did not monetize our inventions as well as we could have, few companies have the track record in R&D that we had over the last 28 years. This made working at Sun really cool. Thanks to all of you inventors and risk takers who changed how we live.
Sun cared about its customers. Even more than we cared about our own company at times. We looked at our customer's mission as more important than ours. Maybe we should have asked for more revenue in return, but our employees were always ready to help first. I love this about Sun, which I guess makes me a good capitalist, if not a great capitalist.
Sun did not cheat, lie, or break the rule of law or decency. While we enjoyed breaking the rules of conventional wisdom and archaic business practice, and for sure loved to win in the market, we did so with a solid reputation for integrity. Nearly three decades of competing without a notable incident of our folks going off course morally or legally. Not all executives and big companies are bad. Really. There are good companies out there. Special thanks to all of my employees for this. I never had to hide the newspaper in shame from my children.
Sun was a financial success. We paid billions in taxes, salaries, purchases, leases, training, and even lawyers and accountants for devastatingly cumbersome SOX and legal compliance (oops, more classic digression). Long-term and smart investors made billions in SUNW. And our customers generated revenue and savings using our equipment in countless ways. Many employees started families, bought homes, and put them through school while working at Sun. Our revenues over 28 years exceeded $200B. Few companies make it to the F200. We did. Nice.
Sun employees had way more fun than any other company. By far. From our dress code ("You must!") to beer busts to our April Fools' pranks to SunRise to our quiet enjoyment at night of a long, hard, well-done day of work, no company enjoyed "work" more than Sun. Thanks to all of our employees past and present for making Sun such a blast.
I could go on for a long time reminiscing about the good and great stuff we did at Sun, but just allow me one last one. We shared. Not the greatest attribute for a capitalist. But one I could not change and was not willing to change about Sun while I was in charge. We shared in the success of Sun with our resellers. With our employees through stock options, SunShare, beer busts, and the like (for as long as Congress would allow) and through our efforts to keep as many of them on board for as long as possible during the inevitable down cycles. With our partners through the Java Community Process, through our open-source collaborations, and licensing strategies. With our customers through our commitments to low barriers to exit. Sun was never just about us. It was about we. And that may be a bit of the reason we are where we are today.
But I have few regrets (see Sinatra's "My Way") and will always look back at Sun and its gang with only pride. Enormous pride. You are the best this industry ever had, though few outside of Sun recognized it.
And what we are about will live on in Sparc, Solaris, Java, our products, and our spirit. Well past everyone's recollections of what we did together. I will never forget, though.
Oracle is getting a crown jewel of the technology industry. They will do great things with Sun. Do your best to support them, and keep the Sun spirit alive and well in the industry. Our children will be better for it.
Thanks for the off-the-charts support to everyone who ever carried a Sun badge, used our products, or helped our company through the years.
And thanks to my wonderful wife, Susan, who gave this desperado (see Eagles) a chance to choose the Queen of Hearts before it was too late.
Someday, hopefully, you will all get to see or meet her and my other life's works named Maverick, Dakota, Colt, and Scout. If you do, perhaps you will understand why I stepped back from the CEO role four years ago. And why I feel like the luckiest guy in the whole world.
My best to all of you, and remember:
Kick butt and have fun!
Scott